![]() Thus, for example, they started using a straight line connecting the symbols of two elements to represent their bonding without really understanding anything about what that straight line represented. The science of chemistry has a great deal of intuitive approach in it, very often stemming from a desire to represent on paper what the chemists experience in the laboratory. He then kept refining it in accordance with the emergence of the latest experimental information. He used the achievements of modern physics, the experimental information about the geometry of molecules and his thinking, to put together a theory. If there is anything truly associated with Pauling’s name, it is the understanding the nature of the chemical bond. The most intriguing question in chemistry at that time was about the forces that keep the atoms together in a molecule, that is, about the nature of the chemical bond. But he was only slowly moving to the area of his ultimate success when Linus Pauling was already a major force in the field. Perutz would become a key player in the quest for the structure of proteins. When he was forced out of Germany, he moved to his native Vienna where he helped one of his students, Max Perutz to be accepted as a doctoral student in Cambridge, UK, in 1935. ![]() Mark was to become one of the century’s foremost polymer chemists. He could not have performed a full structure analysis at that time, but Mark and Polanyi observed characteristic changes on stretching the cellulose fibers. Polanyi’s experiments on cellulose indicated the presence of crystallites in cellulose and they were oriented in the direction of the fiber axis. As early as the 1920s, fibrous materials were subjected to X-ray diffraction for the first time by Michael Polanyi in Herman Mark’s laboratory at the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute in Berlin. After a hiatus due to World War I, this field took off spectacularly in the realm of small molecular systems. When the two Braggs were awarded the Nobel Prize in 1915, the son became the youngest ever Nobel laureate and has stayed the youngest to this date. Bragg, pioneered the technique of X-ray diffraction crystallography in 1913, with the son playing the leading role.
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